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Three resources were produced using information from the Best Evidence project. All are available for download at no cost.

What About Me!
Seeking to Understand the Child's View of Violence in the Family
(2004)


Learning to Listen, Learning to Help:
Understanding Woman Abuse and its Effects on Children
(2005)

Helping Children Thrive:
Supporting Women Abuse Survivors as Mothers
(2004)

Children Exposed to Family Violence

...best evidence to inform better practice...


This project involved culling the best evidence available to present recommendations for interventions with children who live with family violence. To accomplish this goal, 391 sources of information published between 1991 and Fall of 2003 were reviewed. For a description of this project, visit Best Evidence for Children Exposed to Family Violence page.

Bibliography

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Analytical Sciences (2002). Workshop on Children Exposed to Violence: Current Status, Gaps, and Research Priorities, July 24-26, Washington DC.

Anda, R.F., V.J. Felitti, D.P.Chapman, J.B.Croft, D.F. Williamson, J. Santelli, P.D. Dietz & J.S. Marks (2001). Abused Boys, Battered Mothers, and Male Involvement in Teen Pregnancy. Pediatrics, 107(2): E-19.

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Baker, L.L., P.G. Jaffe, L. Ashbourne & J. Carter (2002). Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: A Teacher’s Handbook to Increase Understanding and Improve Community Responses. London ON: Centre for Children and Families in the Justice System.

Baker, L.L. & P.G. Jaffe, P.G. (2003). Youth Exposed to Domestic Violence: A Handbook for the Juvenile Justice System to Enhance Assessment and Intervention Strategies for Youth from Violent Homes. London ON: Centre for Children and Families in the Justice System.

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Baldry, A.C. (2003). Bullying in Schools and Exposure to Domestic Violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(7): 713-732.

Ballif-Spanvill, B., C.J. Clayton, S.B. Hendrix (2003). Gender, Types of Conflict, and Individual Differences in the Use of Violent and Peaceful Strategies Among Children Who Have and Have not Witnessed Interparental Violence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73(2): 141-153.

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Beeman, S.K. (2001). Critical Issues in Research on Social Support Networks and Social Supports of Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. In S.A. Graham-Berman & J.L. Edleson (eds.), Domestic Violence in the Lives of Children: The Future of Research, Intervention, and Social Policy. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 219-234.

Beeman, S.K., A.K. Hagemeister & J.L. Edleson (2001). Case Assessment and Service Receipt in Families Experiencing Both Child Maltreatment and Woman Battering. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(5): 437-458.

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Bennett, L., D. Dawe & J. Power (1999). Children's Need in Shelters: Mother's Perspectives. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 18(1): 57-76.

Berman, H. (2000). The Relevance of Narrative Research with Children who Witness War and Children who Witness Woman Abuse. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 3(1): 107-125.

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Berman, H. (1999). Health in the Aftermath of Violence: A Critical Narrative Study of Children of War and Children of Battered Women. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 31(3): 89-109.

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Cawson, P. (2002). Child Maltreatment in the Family: The Experience of a National Sample of Young People. London: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.

Cawson, P., C. Wattam, S. Brooker & G. Kelly. (2000). Child Maltreatment in the United Kingdom: A Study of the Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect. London: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.

Chase, K.A., K.D. O'Leary & R.E. Heyman (2001). Categorizing Partner-Violent Men Within the Reactive-Proactive Typology Model. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 69(3): 567-572.

Chermack, S.T. & M.A. Walton (1999). The Relationship Between Family Aggression History and Expressed Aggression Among College Males. Aggressive Behavior, 25(4): 255-267.

Choice, P., L.K. Lamke & J.F. Pittman (1995). Conflict Resolution Strategies and Marital Distress as Mediating Factors in the Link Between Witnessing Interparental Violence and Wife Battering. Violence & Victims, 10(2): 107-119.

Christoffersen, M.N., B. Francis & K. Soothill (2003). An Upbringing to Violence? Identifying the Likelihood of Violent Crime Among the 1966 Birth Cohort in Denmark. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 14(2): 367-381.

Conte, J.R. & S.B. Savage (2003). Concluding Observations [on a Special Issue]. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(4): 452-468.

Copping, V.E. (1996). Beyond Over - and Under - Control: Behavioral Observations of Shelter Children. Journal of Family Violence, 11(1): 41-57.

Corvo, K. & E.H. Carpente (2000). Effects of Parental Substance Abuse on Current Levels of Domestic Violence: A Possible Elaboration of Intergenerational Transmission Processes. Journal of Family Violence, 15(2): 123-135.

Cox, C., J.B. Kotch & M.D. Everson (2003). A Longitudinal Study of Modifying Influences in the Relationship Between Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 18(1): 5-17.

Coyne, J.J., P.M. Barrett & A.L. Duffy (2000). Threat Vigilance in Child Witnesses of Domestic Violence: A Pilot Study Utilizing the Ambiguous Situations Paradigm. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 9(3): 377-388.

Cronin, C. (1995). Adolescent Reports of Parental Spousal Violence in Military and Civilian Families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10(1): 117-122.

Culross, P.L. (1999). Health Care System Responses to Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. The Future of Children, 9(3): 111-121.

Cummings, E.M. (1998). Children Exposed to Marital Conflict and Violence: Conceptual and Theoretical Directions. In G.W.Holden, R. Geffner & E.N. Jouriles (eds.), Children Exposed to Marital Violence: Theory, Research, and Applied Issues. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 55-93.

Cummings, J.G. & D.J. Pepler (1999). Behavior Problems in Children Exposed to Wife Abuse: Gender Differences. Journal of Family Violence, 14(2): 133-156.

Davies, D. (1991). Intervention with Male Toddlers who have Witnessed Parental Violence. Families in Society, 72(9): 515-524.

Dietz, P.M., A.M. Spitz, R.F. Anda, D.F. Williamson, P.M. McMahon, J.S. Santelli, D.F. Nordenberg, V.J. Felitti & J.S. Kendrick (1999). Unintended Pregnancy Among Adult Women Exposed to Abuse or Household Dysfunction During their Childhood. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282: 1359-1364.

Delaney-Black, V., C. Covington, S.J. Ondersma, B. Nordstrom-Klee, T. Templin, J. Ager, J. Janisse & R.J. Sokol (2002). Violence Exposure, Trauma, and I.Q. and/or Reading Deficits Among Urban Children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156(3): 280-285.

DeVoe, E.R. & E.L. Smith (2002). The Impact of Domestic Violence on Urban Preschool Children: Battered Mothers' Perspectives. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(10): 1075-1101.

Dong, M., R.F. Anda, S.R. Dube, W.H. Giles & V.J. Felitti (2003). The Relationship of Exposure to Childhood Sexual Abuse to Other Forms of Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction During Childhood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27: 625-639.

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Dube, S.R., R.F. Anda, V.J. Felitti, J.B. Croft, V.J. Edwards & W.H. Giles (2001). Growing up with Parental Alcohol Abuse: Exposure to Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25(12): 1627-1640.

Dube, S.R., R.F. Anda, V.J. Felitti, V.J. Edwards & J.B. Croft (2002). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Personal Alcohol Abuse as an Adult. Addictive Behaviors, 27(5): 713-725.

Dube, S.R., R.F. Anda, V.J. Felitti, V.J. Edwards & D.F. Williamson (2002). Exposure to Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction Among Adults who Witnessed Intimate Partner Violence as Children: Implications for Health and Social Services. Violence & Victims, 17(1): 3-17.

Dube, S.R, V.J. Felitti, M.X. Dong, W.H. Giles, & R.F. Anda (2003). The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Health Problems: Evidence from Four Birth Cohorts Dating Back to 1900. Preventive Medicine, 37(3): 268-277.

Dumont-Smith, C. (2001). Exposure to Violence in the Home: Effects on Aboriginal Children, Discussion Paper. Ottawa: Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada.

Dumont-Smith, C. (1995). Aboriginal Canadian Children who Witness and Live with Violence. In E. Peled, P.G. Jaffe & J.L. Edleson (eds.), Ending the Cycle of Violence: Community Responses to Children of Battered Women. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp 275-283.

Duncan, A. & C. Miller (2002). The Impact of an Abusive Family Context on Childhood Animal Cruelty and Adult Violence. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 7(4): 365-383.

DuRant, R., C. Cadenhead, R. Pendergrast, G. Slavens & U. Linder (1994). Factors Associated with the Use of Violence Among Urban Black Adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 84(4): 612-617.

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Dutton, D.G., A. Starzomski & L. Ryan (1996). Antecedents of Abusive Personality and Abusive Behavior in Wife Assaulters. Journal of Family Violence, 11(2): 113-132.

Edleson, J. (1999). Children's Witnessing of Adult Domestic Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(8): 839-870.

Edleson, J. (1999). The Overlap Between Child Maltreatment and Woman Battering. Violence Against Women, 5(2): 134-154.

Edleson, J.L., F. Lyungai, S.K. Beeman & A.K. Hagemeister (2003). How Child are Involved in Adult Domestic Violence: Results from a Four-city Telephone Survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(1): 18-32.

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Edwards, V.J., G.W. Holden, V.J. Felitti & R.F. Anda (2003). Relationship Between Multiple Forms of Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Mental Health in Community Respondents: Results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(8): 1453-1460.

Ehrensaft, M.K., P. Cohen, J. Brown, E. Smailes, H.N. Chen & J.G. Johnson (2003). Intergenerational Transmission of Partner Violence: A 20-Year Prospective Study. Journal of Clinical & Consulting Psychology, 71(4): 741-753.

Eisikovits, Z. & Z. Winstok (2001). Researching Children's Experience of Interparental Violence: Toward a Multiconceptualization. In S.A. Graham-Bermann & J.L. Edleson (eds.), Domestic Violence in the Lives of Children: The Future of Research, Intervention, and Social Policy. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 203-218.

Eisikovits, Z., Z. Winstok & G. Enosh (1998). Children’s Experience of Interparental Violence: A Heuristic Model. Children & Youth Services Review, 20(6): 547-568.

Ekbom, I & A. Börjesson (2003). Children in the Shadow of Violence. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen, National Board of Health and Welfare.

End Violence Alliance (2000). End Violence: A Manual for Group Leaders, 2nd Ed. Scarborough ON: Aisling Discoveries Child & Family Centre.

English, D.J., D.B. Marshall & A.J. Stewart (2003). Effects of Family Violence on Child Behavior and Health During Early Childhood. Journal of Family Violence, 18(1): 43-57.

Epstein, C. & G. Keep (1995). What Children Tell ChildLine About Domestic Violence. In A. Saunders, ed. "It Hurts Me Too" : Children's Experiences Of Domestic Violence And Refuge Life. London UK: Childline/Women's Aid Federation England/National Institute For Social Work.

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Faller, K.C. (2003). Research and Practice in Child Interviewing: Implications for Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(4): 377-389.

Fals-Stewart, W., M.L. Kelley, C.G. Cooke & J.C. Golden (2003). Predictors of the Psychosocial Adjustment of Children Living in Households of Parents in which Fathers Abuse Drugs: The Effects of Postnatal Parental Exposure. Addictive Behaviors, 28(6): 1013-1031.

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Fantuzzo, J.W. & W.K. Mohr (1999). Prevalence and Effects of Child Exposure to Domestic Violence. Future of Children, 9(3): 21-32.

Feerick, M.M. & J.L. Haugaard (1999). Long-term Effects of Witnessing Marital Violence for Women: The Contribution of Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse. Journal of Family Violence, 14(4): 377-398.

Feldman, C.M. (1997). Childhood Precursors of Adult Interpartner Violence. Clinical Psychology - Science and Practice, 4(4): 307-334.

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Felitti, V.J. R.F. Anda, D. Nordenberg, D.F. Williamson, A.M. Spitz, V. Edwards, M.P. Koss & J.S. Marks (1998). Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4): 245-258.

Fergusson, D.M. & J. Horwood (1998). Exposure to Interparental Violence in Childhood and Psychosocial Adjustment in Young Adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect. 22(5): 339-357.

Finkelstein, J. & J.K Yates (2001). Traumatic Symptomatology in Children who Witness Marital Violence. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 3(2): 107-114.

Flannery, D.J. (1998). Adolescent Violence Exposure and Victimization at Home: Coping and Psychological Trauma Symptoms. International Review of Victimology, 6(1): 29-48.

Flannery, D.J., M.I. Singer & K. Wester (2001). Violence Exposure, Psychological Trauma, and Suicide Risk in a Community Sample of Dangerously Violent Adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4): 435-442.

Flowers, A., N.F. Landes & M.L. Kelley (2002). Validation of a Screening Instrument for Exposure to Violence in African American Children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(4): 351-361.

Fontes, L.A. (2000). Children Exposed to Marital Violence: How School Counselors can Help. Professional School Counseling, 3(4): 231-237.

Fortin, A., M. Trabelsi & F. Dupuis (2002). Les enfants témoins de violence conjugale: Analyse des facteurs de protection (document synthèse). Montréal QC: Centre de liaison sur L'intervention et al Prévention Psychosociales.

Fuller, B.E., S.T. Chermack, K.A. Cruise, E. Kirsch, H.E. Fitzgerald & R.A. Zucker (2003). Predictors of Aggression Across Three Generations Among Sons of Alcoholics: Relationships Involving Grandparental and Parental Alcoholism, Child Aggression, Marital Aggression and Parenting Practices. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(4): 472-483.

Ganely, A. & S. Schecter (1996). Domestic Violence: A National Curriculum for Children’s Protective Services. San Francisco, CA: Family Violence Prevention Fund.

Geffner, R.A., P.G. Jaffe & M. Sudermann, eds. (2000). Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Current Issues in Research, Intervention, Prevention, and Policy Development. Binghamton NY: Haworth Press.

Genrich, A., S. Steinkamp & C.B. Horton (2000). Treating Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Lessons Learned from Five Years of Experience. In P.G. Jaffe, M. Russell & M.J. Smith (eds.), Creating a Legacy of Hope: Conference Proceedings from an International Conference on Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. Vancouver: BC/Yukon Society of Transition Houses, pp. 50-53.

Gibson, J.W. & L. Gutierrez (1991). A Service for Safe-home Children. Families in Society, 72(9): 554-562.

Gjelsvik, A., W. Verhoek-Oftedahl & D.N. Pearlman (2003). Domestic Violence Incidents of Children Witnesses: Findings from Rhode Island Surveillance Data. Women's Health Issues, 13(2): 68-73.

Gleason, W.J. (1995). Children of Battered Women: Developmental Delays and Behavioral Dysfunction. Violence & Victims, 10(2): 153-160.

Glodich, A.M. & J.G. Allen (1998). Adolescents Exposed to Violence and Abuse: A Review of Group Therapy Literature with an Emphasis on Preventing Trauma Reenactment. Journal of Child & Adolescent Group Therapy, 8(3): 135-154.

Goldblatt, H. (2003). Strategies of Coping Among Adolescents Experiencing Interpersonal Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(2): 532-552.

Gordis, E.B., G. Margolin & R.S. John (1997). Marital Aggression, Observed Parental Hostility, and Child Behaviour During Triadic Family Interaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 11(1): 76-89.

Graham-Bermann, S.A. (2002). Child Abuse in the Context of Domestic Violence, pp. 119-129. In J.E.B. Meyers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, et al. (eds.), The APSAC Handbook of Child Maltreatment, 2nd. Ed. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.

Graham-Bermann, S.A. (2000). Evaluating Interventions for Children Exposed to Family Violence. In S.K. Ward & D. Finkelhor (eds.), Program Evaluation and Family Violence Research. Binghampton NY: Haworth Press, pp. 191-215.

Graham-Bermann, S.A. (1998). The Impact of Woman Abuse on Children's Social Development: Research and Theoretical Perspectives, pp. 21-54. In G.W. Holden, R. Geffner & E.N. Jouriles (eds.), Children Exposed to Marital Violence: Theory, Research, and Applied Issues. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

Graham-Bermann, S.A. (1996). Family Worries: The Assessment of Interpersonal Anxiety in Children from Violent and Non-violent Families. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25(3): 280-287.

Graham-Bermann, S.A. & V. Brescoll (2000). Gender, Power and Violence: Assessing the Family Stereotypes of the Children of Batterers. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(4): 600-612.

Graham-Bermann, S.A. & J.L Edleson, eds. (2001). Domestic Violence in the Lives of Children: The Future of Research, Intervention, and Social Policy. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

Graham-Bermann & H.M. Hughes (1998). Impact of Domestic Violence and Emotional Abuse on Children: the Intersection of Research, Theory and Clinical Intervention. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1(2): 1-21.

Graham-Bermann, S.A. & H.M. Hughes (2003). Intervention for Children Exposed to Interparental Violence (IPV): Assessment of Needs and Research Priorities. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 6(3): 189-204.

Graham-Bermann, S.A. & A.A. Levendosky (1998). The Social Functioning of Preschool-age Children Whose Mothers are Emotionally and Physically Abused. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1(1): 59-84.

Graham-Bermann, S.A. & A.A. Levendosky (1998). Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Children of Battered Women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13(1): 111-128.

Groves, B.M. (2002). Children who see Too Much: Lessons from the Child Witness to Violence Project. Boston: Beacon Press.

Groves, B.M. (1999). Mental Health Services for Children who Witness Domestic Violence. Future of Children, 9(3): 122-132.

Groves, E., E. Roberts & M. Weinreb (2000). Shelter from the Storm: Clinical Intervention with Children Affected by Domestic Violence. Boston MA: Child Witness to Violence Project, Boston Medical Center.

Groves, B.M., B. Zukerman, S. Marans & D.J. Cohen (1993). Silent Victims. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269(2): 262-264.

Grych, J.H. (2000). Children's Perspectives of Family Violence: Implications for Research and Intervention. In J.P. Vincent & E.N. Jouriles (eds.), Domestic Violence: Guidelines for Research Informed Practice. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, pp. 102-125.

Grych, J.H., E.N. Jouriles, P.R. Swank, R. McDonald & W.D. Norwood (2000). Patterns of Adjustment Among Children of Battered Women. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68(1): 84-94.

Grych, J.H., M. Seid & F.D. Fincham (1992). Assessing Marital Conflict from the Child's Perspective: The Child's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale. Child Development, 63: 558-572.

Grych, J.H., T. Wachsmith-Schlaefer & L.L. Klockow (2002). Interparental Aggression and Young Children's Representations of Family Relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 16(3): 259-272.

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We gratefully acknowledge funding by the National Crime Prevention Centre in Ottawa, that made development of this resource page possible.


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Children and Domestic Violence Resource Page

In one place, you can find all the Centre's resources on children exposed to family violence, most of which are available for download at no cost. For example, see the resources generated from our "Best Evidence to Inform Better Practice" Project including a bibliography of the almost 400 sources used in that review and a list of available program manuals. We also list all our training resources and research reports. We are also starting to compile the PowerPoint presentations of our various conference presentations and workshops. Check back periodically for updates.


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